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Risk factor “examples include: poor parental supervision, neglect and abuse; harsh, inconsistent discipline; parental conflict; individual and parental attitudes that condone law-breaking; low family income; educational under-achievement from an early age; bullying and aggressive behaviour in primary school; and living in a neighbourhood lacking an organised sense of community and with high population turnover."

(Anderson, B. Beinart, S., Farrington, D.P. Langman, J , Sturgis P and Utting, D., 2005, Risk and protective factors. London: Youth Justice Board; source: Time for a Fresh Start, The report of the Independent Commission on Youth Crime and Antisocial Behaviour, 2010, p.39).